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- December 27, 1990
-
- PLASMA2.ASC
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- The following text is a copy of an explanatory article which is
- freely distributed to visitors of the Bradbury Science Museum at Los
- Alamos National Laboratory.
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- METHODS TOWARD A FUSION REACTOR THROUGH
- MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT AND HEATING
-
-
- The object of the Controlled Thermonuclear Research (CTR) program is
- to provide a new and essentially inexhaustible energy source by
- controlling thermonuclear reactions-the energy source of the sun and
- the stars.
-
- The explosion of a hydrogen bomb is an example of rapid
- thermonuclear energy release. Through the CTR program, scientists
- at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) and elsewhere are
- working toward developing a method to slow down this energy release
- in a new type of nuclear reactor-the fusion reactor.
-
- A thermonuclear reaction is a "fusion" reaction whereby the nuclei
- of light atoms, such as hydrogen, heavy hydrogen (deuterium), and
- lithium, are welded or fused together. All present nuclear reactors
- operate by the "fission" process, which is the splitting of nuclei
- of heavy atoms such as uranium or plutonium into lighter elements,
- plus the release of energy.
-
- Also, large amounts of energy are released during the fusion
- process. This energy, if controlled, can be made available as
- electrical power or heat.
-
- The importance of pursuing this difficult goal is evident when one
- considers the limited supply of Earth's fossil fuels (coal, gas, and
- oil) and commercial-grade uranium ores. In the face of an
- increasing world energy demand, these conventional fuels may last
- only another 50 to 400 years.
-
- By contrast, fusion reactors could be fueled with deuterium, a heavy
- isotope of hydrogen that is available in common seawater. The
- energy potential from the deuterium in 1 gallon of water is
- equivalent to 300 gallons of gasoline.
-
- One cubic mile of water has the energy potential of 100,000 tons of
- uranium-235. There is sufficient energy in the oceans to supply
- power for many future generations.
- Page 1
-
-
-
-
-
- The end product of fusion is helium, which is harmless, and
- neutrons, which are readily captured within the reactor core.
- Therefore, we would only have few of the radioactive waste-disposal
- problems that are common to fission-reactor power plants.
- Furthermore, because of the small fuel inventory on hand, explosive
- accidents would not be possible in a fusion reactor.
-
- Research in controlled thermonuclear reactions was started at LASL
- in 1951, although the idea had been discussed by LASL personnel
- during World War II days.
-
- To attain a power-producing thermonuclear reaction, one must produce
- temperatures over 50,000,000 degrees C and contain pressures of tons
- per square inch. These temperatures and pressures must be
- maintained for at least one-hundredth of a second.
-
- At thermonuclear temperatures, all matter exists as a plasma. (A
- plasma is a gas composed of equal numbers of positive atomic nuclei
- and negative electrons, which at ordinary temperatures would unite
- to form neutral gas atoms and molecules.
-
- A form of plasma is the glow in a household fluorescent lamp
- fixture, for example.) Because a plasma is a good electrical
- conductor, it can be held by magnetic forces.
-
- The deuterium plasma that is created and studied in CTR experiments
- is usually confined by special magnetic field configurations, called
- "magnetic bottles."
-
- A major effort of mational research in CTR is concerned with the
- containment of plasma in toroidal-shaped magnetic bottles.
- Particular types of these plasma bottles are the Tokamaks and the
- toroidal Z pinches.
-
- Toroidal Z pinches, with their higher currents, can be heated
- ohmically, such as in the manner of an electric toaster. Tokamaks,
- the major world effort in toroidal geometry, use other heating
- methods.
-
- A major area of fusion research at LASL is a toroidal Z-pinch
- experiment, which has a 15-cm bore and a 40-cm major radius. The
- plasma has been heated to approximately 10,000,000 degrees C by the
- fast-rising magnetic field of a large toroidal (axial) current that
- compresses, or pinches, the plasma.
-
- In practice, the pinched plasma is stabilized by a nearby conducting
- wall and a strong toroidal magnetic field that reverses its
- direction on the outside of the pinch. Future experiments seek to
- extend the present 30-microsecond confinement of the hot plasma.
-
- A large toroidal Z-pinch experiment is now being designed and built
- a LASL. This experiment, called ZT-40, is about 10 times larger
- than the demonstration Z pinch.
-
- The ZT-40 will have controllable magnetic field systems capable of
- producing a reversed magnetic field outside the pinch. Reversed
- field pinches have demonstrated longer lifetimes than ordinary
- pinches, and it is expected that research information obtained from
- the ZT-40 experiment will put us one step further toward the
-
- Page 2
-
-
-
-
-
- ultimate answer to the energy crisis: a fusion reactor that burns
- fuel obtained from seawater!
-
- ********************************************************************
-
- Next is a copy of another information sheet produced by Los Alamos
- National Laboratory.
-
- ********************************************************************
-
- MAGNETIC FUSION RESEARCH IN CTR-DIVISION
-
- Thermonuclear fusion research began in the 1950's in the United
- States, Great Britian and the Soviet Union. From the beginning Los
- Alamos made significant contributions to this research and continues
- to play an important role now.
-
- For example, the first successful laboratory experiments to produce
- thermonuclear reactions were done at Los Alamos in 1958. During the
- 1960's and 1970's considerable progress was made throughout the
- world in magnetic confinement research.
-
- Today at Los Alamos, the emphasis in magnetic confinement research
- is on two concepts, the reversed field pinch and the compact toroid.
- Both of these concepts have the potential for development as small,
- compact fusion reactors.
-
- The work in CTR-Division is part of the national magnetic fusion
- energy research program to develop fusion energy as a practical,
- economical energy resource.
-
- ZT-40M
-
- ZT-40M is a reversed field pinch experiment. It has a toroidal, or
- donut-shaped, magnetic confinement geometry and uses strong electric
- currents in the plasma to produce some of the magnetic fields that
- confine the plasma.
-
- These currents also heat the plasma just as electric currents heat
- the wires in an electric toaster. ZT-40M has produced hot plasma at
- temperatures between 3 and 4 million degrees Celsius. The plasmas
- are produced in pulses in ZT-40M which last about 20 to 25
- milliseconds.
-
- CTX-SPHEROMAK
-
- CTX is a compact toroid experiment. The experiment produces
- toroidally shaped plasmas, just as in ZT-40M but without the
- toroidal vaccum vessel and magnetic coils surrounding the plasma.
-
- Instead, the confining magnetic fields are generated principally by
- electric currents flowing within the plasma itself, and the hole in
- the torus shrinks to produce a compact toriodal shape. CTX has
- produced hot plasmas at temperatures between one and two million
- degrees Celsius, in pulses lasting one to two milliseconds.
-
- FRX-C
-
- FRX-C is another type of compact toroid experiment that produces
-
- Page 3
-
-
-
-
-
- prolate (tall, cigar-shaped) toroidal plasmas. As in the CTX
- Spheromak, FRX-C relies on internal currents for confining magnetic
- fields.
-
- Temperatures as high as 10 million degrees Celsius have been
- achieved in FRX-C. Plasma pulses lasting up to 300 microseconds
- have been produced.
-
- ********************************************************************
-
- Contributed by Michael McQuay
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- If you have comments or other information relating to such topics
- as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the
- Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page.
- Thank you for your consideration, interest and support.
-
- Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson
- Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet
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